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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Nanotechnology-based strategies for ROS-mediated anticancer and antimicrobial therapies.

Nadezhda A Pechnikova1, Malamati Poimenidou2, Myra Lam3

  • 1Elpida BioPharm P.C., 546 36, Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|April 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) nanotherapies show promise for treating cancer and bacterial infections by precisely targeting diseased cells. Ongoing research aims to overcome challenges for advanced precision medicine.

Keywords:
Antibacterial therapyCancer therapyCombination therapyNanotechnologyReactive oxygen species

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Oncology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key cellular mediators with therapeutic potential against cancer and bacteria.
  • Nanotechnology offers platforms like nanoparticles, nanozymes, and metal-organic frameworks for ROS delivery.
  • These nanoplatforms enable controlled ROS generation, targeting, and co-delivery of therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in ROS-based nanotherapies for cancer and bacterial infections.
  • To explore various ROS generation approaches (photodynamic, sonodynamic, chemodynamic, radiotherapeutic).
  • To discuss strategies combining ROS with immunotherapy or antibiotics for synergistic effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on ROS nanotherapeutics.
  • Analysis of different ROS generation modalities.
  • Examination of combination therapies involving ROS, immunotherapy, and antibiotics.

Main Results:

  • Nanoplatforms enhance ROS targeting and efficacy against malignant cells and pathogens.
  • Combination strategies show synergistic anti-cancer and antimicrobial effects.
  • ROS nanotherapies face challenges including tissue penetration, toxicity, and in vivo monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • ROS-based nanotherapies are a powerful tool against tumors and drug-resistant bacteria.
  • Addressing current challenges will enable personalized treatments and advance precision medicine.
  • Further mechanistic understanding and biosafety validation are crucial for clinical translation.