An online study of associations between physical activity, cognitive functioning and food choice

Exercise has been linked to improved cognitive control, including enhancement of working memory and inhibition. The aim of the present online study was to investigate the mediating role of cognition in the relationship between habitual physical activity and food choice. A total of 660 participants, aged 18-65, were recruited via Prolific (prolific.com) and completed a series of cognitive tasks, including a Stroop task to measure inhibitory control, and an N-back task for working memory, as well as a food choice task. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), with a focus on Total Metabolic Equivalents (METs) and active engagement in vigorous-intensity exercise (vigorous METs). The results showed that higher levels of physical activity were significantly associated with enhanced accuracy scores on the Stroop task and faster reaction times on the N-back task. Vigorous physical activity was associated with greater controlled choices while making food choices, and prioritisation of health over taste in food-related decision making. Mediation analysis revealed that inhibitory control, but not working memory, mediated the relationship between vigorous physical activity and decision making during tasty food trials (both control of choices and health prioritisation). These findings suggest that engaging in vigorous exercise influences cognitive processes related to dietary self-control and may contribute to healthier eating habits and weight management.