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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

Intragrain Lateral Funneling as a Hidden Photovoltage Loss Channel in 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskite Solar Cells.

Biao Yang¹, Fei Zheng¹, Yanna Hou¹

¹Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.

|April 19, 2026

Summary

Lateral phase gradients in 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (2D RPPs) hinder solar cell performance by trapping charge carriers. Homogenizing these gradients enhances device efficiency and open-circuit voltage.

Keywords:

Carrier Funneling Energy Landscape Lateral Heterogeneity Ruddlesden−Popper Perovskites

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Last Updated: Apr 21, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

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Published on: July 18, 2015

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Photovoltaics
Solid-State Physics

Background:

Two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (2D RPPs) are promising for next-generation solar cells.
Vertical phase distribution is well-studied, but lateral heterogeneity within grains is not.
The impact of lateral phase distribution on carrier dynamics and solar cell performance is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the effect of lateral phase heterogeneity within 2D RPP grains on carrier dynamics.
Identify new loss mechanisms affecting photovoltaic performance.
Demonstrate a method to improve 2D RPP solar cell efficiency.

Main Methods:

Analysis of lateral phase gradients within individual 2D RPP grains.
Characterization of carrier dynamics influenced by energy landscapes.
Application of solvent engineering to control phase distribution.
Fabrication and testing of 2D perovskite solar cells.

Main Results:

Lateral phase gradients create funnel-like energy landscapes within grains.
This funneling leads to detrimental carrier relaxation before extraction.
Intragrain lateral funneling is a previously unrecognized loss channel impacting open-circuit voltage (VOC).
Solvent engineering homogenizes lateral phase distribution, enhancing VOC and power conversion efficiency.

Conclusions:

Subgrain-scale phase uniformity is crucial for high-performance 2D RPP optoelectronics.
Regulating lateral phase heterogeneity is essential for advancing 2D perovskite solar cell technology.
This study reveals a new loss pathway and offers a strategy for performance enhancement.