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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma

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Therapy-driven clonal dynamics in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Larry Mansouri1, Thomas Chatzikonstantinou2, Lydia Scarfò3

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Seminars in Cancer Biology
|April 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) evolves with diverse genetic changes, leading to treatment resistance. Understanding clonal evolution is key to developing personalized therapies for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CLLClonal evolutionGenomic alterationsTargeted therapyTherapy resistance

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Immunoglobulin Gene Sequence Analysis In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: From Patient Material To Sequence Interpretation
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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Genomics
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by intraclonal diversity and complex clonal architecture.
  • Genetic alterations in signaling pathways, DNA damage response, and apoptosis drive CLL progression and therapeutic resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on clonal evolution and resistance mechanisms in CLL.
  • To discuss emerging technologies and future research directions for personalized CLL treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic profiling to identify genetic alterations.
  • Analysis of resistance mechanisms to chemoimmunotherapy and targeted agents.
  • Review of single-cell sequencing and multi-omics approaches.

Main Results:

  • Chemoimmunotherapy resistance is linked to TP53 aberrations and resistant microclones.
  • Targeted therapies select for specific mutations (e.g., BTK, PLCG2) and alternative survival pathways.
  • Clonal evolution significantly impacts disease progression and treatment response.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CLL clonal evolution is crucial for developing personalized therapeutic strategies.
  • Future research should address resistance in evolving treatment contexts like combination therapies and cellular therapies.
  • Improved insights into clonal dynamics will enhance long-term outcomes for CLL patients.