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Related Concept Videos

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

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A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit...
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Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
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Prochirality

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The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...
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Chirality in Nature02:30

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Chirality is the most intriguing yet essential facet of nature, governing life’s biochemical processes and precision. It can be observed from a snail shell pattern in a macroscopic world to an amino acid, the minutest building block of life. Most of the snails around the world have right-coiled shells because of the intrinsic chirality in their genes. All the amino acids present in the human body exist in an enantiomerically pure state, except for glycine - the sole achiral amino acid.
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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Molecules with Multiple Chiral Centers

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Molecules that possess multiple chiral centers can afford a large number of stereoisomers. For instance, while some molecules like 2-butanol have one chiral center, defined as a tetrahedral carbon atom with four different substituents attached, several molecules like butane-2,3-diol have multiple chiral centers. A simple formula to predict the number of stereoisomers possible for a molecule with n chiral centers is 2n. However, there can be a lower number where some of the stereoisomers are...
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Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
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Engineering Chirality in the Solid State: Co-Crystallization as a Strategy for Chiral Induction and Resolution.

Ramamohana Reddy Maddike1, Vivek Sharma2, Rajasekhar V S R Pullabhotla3

  • 1BPI Labs LLC, Largo, Florida, USA.

Chirality
|April 19, 2026
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Summary

Solid-state crystallization offers scalable methods for separating chiral molecules and amplifying enantiomeric purity. This review highlights advances in crystallization strategies for chiral resolution and generation, crucial for chemistry and materials science.

Keywords:
chiral co‐crystallizationchiral resolutioncrystal engineeringdiastereomeric co‐crystalssupramolecular chirality

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry and materials science
  • Molecular chirality and enantioseparation

Background:

  • Chirality is vital in chemistry, biology, and materials science, with molecular activity often depending on enantiomeric purity.
  • Synthetic methods commonly yield racemic mixtures, necessitating efficient enantioseparation and chiral amplification techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in solid-state crystallization strategies for chiral resolution, generation, and enantiomeric amplification.
  • To emphasize structural and thermodynamic factors influencing chiral separation outcomes in crystalline systems.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of preferential crystallization, attrition-enhanced deracemization, and multicomponent crystallization (diastereomeric salts, chiral co-crystals).
  • Analysis of structural and thermodynamic factors governing racemic compounds, conglomerates, and solid solutions.
  • Highlighting supramolecular symmetry breaking and confinement-driven chiral amplification.

Main Results:

  • Solid-state crystallization provides versatile and scalable routes for controlling chirality.
  • Rational control of intermolecular interactions and phase equilibria enables effective enantioseparation.
  • Solid-state processes can generate or amplify chirality from achiral precursors.

Conclusions:

  • Crystallization-mediated strategies offer key design principles for achieving desired chiral outcomes.
  • Expanding applications of chiral co-crystals in pharmaceuticals and functional materials are noted.
  • This review provides a framework for future advancements in crystallization-based chirality control.