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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Child discipline practices and their relationship with suspected developmental delay and aggressive behavior in early

Abir Nagata1,2, Md Shafiur Rahman1,3, Ayana Takemoto2

  • 1Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine.

Journal of Epidemiology
|April 20, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Non-violent discipline supports early development and reduces behavioral risks in Lao PDR. Physical punishment is linked to developmental delays and aggressive behavior in young children.

Area of Science:

  • Child Development
  • Global Health
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Early childhood development is crucial but threatened by harsh caregiving in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Developmental delay (DD) and aggressive behavior are significant concerns in young children.
  • Child discipline practices (CDP) may influence these outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the associations between child discipline practices (CDP) and suspected developmental delay (DD) and aggressive behavior.
  • To analyze these associations in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).

Main Methods:

  • Nationally representative data from 5,007 children (24-59 months) in Lao PDR were analyzed.
  • Child discipline was categorized into non-violent, psychological, and physical punishment.
  • Suspected DD (using ECDI2030) and aggressive behavior were assessed; regression models were used.

Main Results:

  • Over half (56.3%) of children had suspected DD.
  • Non-violent and psychological discipline were associated with lower suspected DD prevalence.
  • Physical punishment correlated with increased suspected DD and higher odds of aggressive behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Child discipline practices significantly impact developmental outcomes.
  • Promoting non-violent caregiving is recommended to mitigate risks and support early development.
  • Findings are relevant for Lao PDR and similar LMIC settings.
Abstract

Keywords:
Aggressive behaviorChild discipline practicesECDI2030Early childhood developmentPhysical punishmentSuspected developmental delay

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