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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Empowering Reversible Anionic Redox in Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes via Ionic Impedance Matching Interphase.

Yi-Feng Liu1,2, Hai-Yan Hu2, Xu Zhu3

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Summary

We developed a novel interphase to stabilize high-energy sodium-ion batteries by preventing degradation during anionic redox reactions. This approach enhances cycling stability and energy density for advanced battery applications.

Keywords:
Jahn‐Teller distortionanionic redox reactioninterfacial electrochemistrysodium‐ion batteriessurface reconstruction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Anionic redox reactions (ARR) in sodium manganese-based cathodes offer high energy density but face interfacial instability and degradation at high voltages.
  • Interfacial instability is a major challenge limiting the performance and cycle life of sodium-ion batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and implement an ionic impedance matching interphase to enhance the stability of sodium manganese-based layered oxide cathodes.
  • To mitigate interfacial degradation and improve electrochemical performance by harmonizing mechanical compatibility and ionic transport.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of a composite interphase via thermally driven conversion of NaTi2(PO4)3 on P2-Na5/6Li1/4Mn3/4O2.
  • Characterization of the interphase architecture, including outer Na3PO4 and inner Ti-rich spinel-like layers.
  • Investigation of the interphase's role in stabilizing interfacial chemistry, suppressing gas evolution, and mitigating Jahn-Teller distortion.

Main Results:

  • A stable interphase comprising Na3PO4 and a Ti-rich spinel-like layer was successfully formed, exhibiting strong lattice compatibility and robust Ti-O-P linkages.
  • The interphase effectively shielded reactive oxygen species, suppressed gas evolution, and introduced lattice-permeated Ti doping, reinforcing Ti-O covalency.
  • Achieved high discharge capacity (~230 mAh g-1) and low voltage decay (<0.05 V) over extended cycling, demonstrating significantly improved stability.

Conclusions:

  • The ionic impedance matching interphase provides an effective strategy for stabilizing anionic redox chemistry in high-energy sodium-ion batteries.
  • This work offers deep mechanistic insights into interfacial regulation, paving the way for advanced sodium-ion battery development.
  • The developed interphase successfully mitigates degradation pathways, enabling high performance and long cycle life.