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Translating the Living with Medicines Questionnaire from English to Swedish: a validation study
Amélie Cransac1,2,3, Barbra Katusiime4, Hanna Gyllensten1,2
1Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Aim:
This study aimed to translate the Living with Medicines Questionnaire, version 3 (LMQ-3) into Swedish for validation in an outpatient cohort regularly using medicines.
Methods:
Phase 1 translated the originator questionnaire into Swedish, and tested face and content validity through cognitive interviews. Phase 2 tested validation through a cross-sectional survey. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the 41 items in the LMQ-3 was conducted.
Results:
Phase 1 involved 25 cognitive interviews. In phase 2, 779 respondents completed the questionnaire online. The total mean LMQ-3 score was 90.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 89.0-92.2; range 43-176), and the mean visual analogue scale score was 3.1 (95% CI 2.9-3.3; range 0-10). The median age was 72 years (range 21-96) with 80.9% retired. The mean number of prescribed medicines was 8.5 (SD 3.8) per respondent. EFA analyses revealed most items loaded in their original domains, except three items: 'My medicines allow me to live my life as I want to' (question (Q)32), 'I have to put a lot of planning and thought into taking medicines' (Q37) and 'I find getting prescriptions from the doctor difficult' (Q1).
Conclusions:
The LMQ-3 was successfully translated into Swedish and validated in a Swedish outpatient cohort regularly using medicines. Construct validity of the Swedish translation was adequate, with minor differences from the originator instrument. Future test-retest reliability will help assess suitability of the instrument for stability of scores over time and usefulness in longitudinal studies. In conclusion, this questionnaire can provide a person-centred measure of medicines burden in persons who regularly take prescribed medicines.
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