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¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

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At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

129
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

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The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
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Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry
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Intensifying conformational dynamics enables HRP catalysis in organic phase.

Yupei Jian1, Hai Zhou1, Yilei Han1

  • 1Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. hanyl@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
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Amphiphilic polymer conjugation enhances horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity in organic solvents. This method improves enzyme flexibility and substrate processing, enabling efficient biocatalysis in non-aqueous environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis
  • Enzyme Engineering
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Organic solvents offer unique biocatalysis opportunities but often reduce enzyme activity.
  • Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) typically shows decreased performance in organic media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance HRP activity and substrate spectrum in pure toluene using polymer conjugation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind improved enzyme performance in organic solvents.

Main Methods:

  • Conjugation of HRP with Pluronic, an amphiphilic polymer.
  • Assessing oxidative degradation of phenol/aniline derivatives in toluene.
  • Low-field NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • Polymer-conjugated HRP achieved a substrate spectrum comparable to aqueous systems.
  • Catalytic activity of conjugated HRP was significantly higher than free HRP in toluene.
  • NMR and simulations revealed enhanced conformational dynamics and active site flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • Amphiphilic polymer conjugation is a novel strategy to enhance enzyme activity in organic solvents.
  • Improved enzyme flexibility and dynamics facilitate substrate uptake and catalysis.
  • This approach advances biocatalysis in non-aqueous systems.