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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

18.7K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

26.1K
In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
26.1K
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

3.2K
Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
3.2K
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

13.4K
Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat...
13.4K
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

8.3K
Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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Hydroxide-Based Catalysts for Alcohol Electrooxidation: From Fundamentals Understanding to Catalyst Design

Zhaohui Wu1, Sha Bai2, Yimo Wang1

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Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Layered hydroxide electrocatalysts offer a promising route for biomass upgrading via alcohol electrooxidation. This review details their design principles and mechanisms for efficient alcohol oxidation catalysis.

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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Alcohol electrooxidation is a key process for biomass upgrading.
  • Efficient and stable electrocatalysts are crucial for this process.
  • Layered hydroxides are advanced electrocatalysts with tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the principles of alcohol electrooxidation.
  • To summarize design strategies for layered hydroxide electrocatalysts.
  • To provide perspectives on future developments in alcohol oxidative upgrading.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental concepts and mechanisms of alcohol electrooxidation.
  • Analysis of direct/indirect oxidation pathways and active site formation.
  • Discussion of catalyst design strategies including pathway modulation and electrolyte engineering.

Main Results:

  • Layered hydroxides exhibit high activity and stability due to their structure and composition.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms guides the design of effective electrocatalysts.
  • Tuning active species formation and electrolyte properties enhances performance.

Conclusions:

  • Layered hydroxides are state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for alcohol electrooxidation.
  • Rational catalyst design based on reaction mechanisms is essential.
  • Further research can optimize alcohol oxidative upgrading pathways.