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Related Concept Videos

Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

122
The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.7K
The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
2.7K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Deep Eutectic Solvents as Designer Phase-Change Materials for Organic Rankine Cycle Applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics and Energy Systems Engineering
  • Materials Science for Energy Applications
  • Renewable Energy Technologies

Background:

  • Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) are key for utilizing renewable and residual energy.
  • Thermal energy accumulators (TEAs) can enhance ORC energy utilization efficiency.
  • Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based phase-change materials (PCMs) offer potential for advanced thermal storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze thermal and exergetic efficiency changes in ORCs with added TEAs.
  • To evaluate novel DES-based PCMs against benchmark paraffin wax.
  • To compare the performance of various working fluids (WFs) in ORC systems with TEAs.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation and analysis of ORC systems incorporating TEAs.
  • Experimental or computational evaluation of seven novel DES-based PCMs and paraffin wax.
  • Testing with ten different working fluids, including fluorinated gases and hydrocarbons (HCs).

Main Results:

  • R1233zd and n-pentane demonstrated the highest thermal and exergetic efficiencies.
  • Choline chloride plus suberic acid and choline chloride plus 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the top-performing PCMs.
  • TEAs increased exergetic efficiency by up to 95%, with higher-melting-temperature PCMs being most effective.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of TEAs with DES-based PCMs significantly enhances ORC performance.
  • Hydrocarbons are practical working fluids for ORCs coupled with TEAs.
  • PCMs with higher melting temperatures and fusion enthalpies are crucial for optimizing ORC-TEA systems.