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Related Concept Videos

The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
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Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

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Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Microbe-plant interactions represent a dynamic spectrum of associations shaped by intricate chemical signaling. These interactions can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental, and profoundly influence plant physiology, growth, and ecosystem function. The plant microbiome, comprising bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses, plays a pivotal role in mediating these effects through surface colonization, internal colonization, or systemic symbiosis.Mutualistic associations, particularly with...
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Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils
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Host-pathogen interactions in periodontitis: an integrative interkingdom perspective.

Lina Janeth Suarez1,2, Paula K Vargas-Sanchez3, Nikola Angelov4

  • 1Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.

Frontiers in Immunology
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Periodontitis involves complex interactions between oral microbes, including fungi, viruses, and archaea, driving inflammation and tissue damage. Understanding this interkingdom crosstalk is key for effective diagnosis and treatment beyond just bacteria.

Keywords:
biofilmsdysbiosishost-pathogen interactionsmouth microbiotaperiodontitis

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Area of Science:

  • Oral microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Periodontal disease research

Background:

  • Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease causing tissue destruction due to host responses to oral microbial shifts.
  • The subgingival microbiome involves complex interkingdom communication among bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, influencing inflammation through poorly understood mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how microbial imbalances and interkingdom communication in the subgingival microbiome drive periodontitis.
  • To explore the role of fungi, viruses, and archaea in periodontal disease pathogenesis and systemic implications.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review adhering to PRISM-S extension guidelines.
  • Inclusion of studies on interkingdom host-pathogen interactions at the gingival interface leading to dysbiosis.

Main Results:

  • Fungi act as opportunistic pathogens, increasing biofilm virulence and host inflammatory responses.
  • Viruses and archaea modulate bacterial metabolism and contribute to biofilm formation, virulence, and antibiotic resistance.
  • Interkingdom crosstalk disrupts oral symbiosis, exacerbating periodontal inflammation and tissue damage.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive polymicrobial approach is needed for periodontitis diagnosis and treatment, focusing on interkingdom communication.
  • New therapies targeting these complex interactions are essential for improving treatment outcomes and managing systemic links.