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<i>Invited Commentary on:</i> Lu et al.'s "Functional and Aesthetic Considerations for Selective Facial Neurectomy with Simultaneous Deep Plane Facelift and Structural Neck Contouring for Facial Paralysis with Synkinesis".

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Canadian Facial Reanimation Services: An Exploratory National Survey.

Catherine F Roy1,2, Heather Baltzer3,4, Tessa A Hadlock5,2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, CA.

Plastic Surgery (Oakville, Ont.)
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Canadian centers offer basic facial reanimation but lack advanced procedures and consistent outcomes tracking. Expanding services and multidisciplinary support is needed nationwide.

Keywords:
Facial paralysisfacial nerve surgeryfacial palsyfacial reanimation

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Facial Reanimation

Background:

  • Canada has a history of facial reanimation but lacks comprehensive national programs.
  • Geographic vastness and siloed healthcare present challenges for specialized care delivery.
  • Facial reanimation requires expertise, multidisciplinary input, and resources often found in high-volume centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the availability, structure, and barriers of facial reanimation care in Canadian academic centers.
  • To understand the current landscape of surgical interventions and multidisciplinary support.
  • To identify areas for improvement in national facial reanimation services.

Main Methods:

  • A 15-item cross-sectional survey was sent to heads of Canadian university-affiliated plastic surgery and otolaryngology departments.
  • The survey collected data on services, multidisciplinary resources, outcome tracking, and perceived barriers.
  • Responses from 15 of 27 departments (55.6%) across six provinces were analyzed descriptively.

Main Results:

  • Core facial reanimation interventions are widely available, but advanced procedures like free muscle transfer are less consistent.
  • Only 53% of centers offer procedures for non-flaccid facial paralysis.
  • Outcome tracking relies on subjective measures, with limited use of validated tools and standardized documentation.
  • Multidisciplinary teams are present in half of centers, with variable access to allied health professionals.
  • Key barriers include low referring physician awareness, limited OR time, and insufficient allied health support.

Conclusions:

  • Canadian centers provide foundational facial reanimation but have gaps in advanced techniques and standardized outcomes.
  • There is a need to enhance multidisciplinary support and resource allocation.
  • Respondents strongly supported the expansion of facial reanimation services nationally.