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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
1.0K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults
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Efficacy of Different Local Anesthetics for Pain Management in Surgical Removal of Palatally Placed Impacted

Ali Fahed Alqahtani1, Tanveer Ahmed2, Dharani Chowdary Kilari3

  • 1Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

For surgical removal of impacted maxillary canines, articaine offers better intraoperative pain control, while bupivacaine provides longer postoperative pain relief. The best anesthetic choice depends on specific patient needs.

Keywords:
Articainebupivacainelidocainelocal anestheticspain managementpalatally impacted canine

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Palatally impacted maxillary canines present surgical challenges.
  • Effective local anesthesia is crucial for patient comfort during these procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of lidocaine, articaine, and bupivacaine in managing pain during the surgical removal of palatally impacted maxillary canines.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled study involving 90 patients.
  • Three groups received 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 4% articaine with epinephrine, or 0.5% bupivacaine with epinephrine.
  • Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) intraoperatively and postoperatively.

Main Results:

  • Articaine showed superior intraoperative pain control (VAS 1.5 ± 0.6) compared to lidocaine (3.2 ± 0.8) and bupivacaine (2.8 ± 0.7).
  • Bupivacaine provided significantly longer postoperative pain relief at 6 hours (VAS 2.1 ± 0.9) versus lidocaine (4.5 ± 1.0) and articaine (3.8 ± 0.9).
  • No severe adverse effects were observed in any group.

Conclusions:

  • Articaine is more effective for intraoperative pain management.
  • Bupivacaine offers superior and prolonged postoperative analgesia.
  • Anesthetic selection should be tailored to whether intraoperative or postoperative pain control is the priority.