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Related Concept Videos

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Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

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The design of prismatic beams, structural elements with a uniform cross-section, focuses on ensuring safety and structural integrity under load. The design process begins by determining the allowable stress, either from material properties tables, or by dividing the material's ultimate strength by a safety factor. This safety factor is essential for accommodating uncertainties, and varies depending on the material—timber, steel, or concrete—with each having unique strength and...
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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Geometry-based framework for beam angle selection in proton therapy for lung cancer.

Kyriakos Fotiou1,2,3, Per-Ivar Lønne1, Eirik Malinen4,2

  • 1Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Proton therapy for lung cancer can be improved by selecting optimal beam angles. This study developed a risk map to balance tumor coverage and organ sparing, enhancing treatment robustness.

Keywords:
4DCTBeam angle selectionIntrafractional motionLung cancerProton therapyWEPL

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Cancer Treatment

Background:

  • Proton therapy is a promising treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC).
  • Respiratory motion during treatment can compromise tumor coverage and increase dose to organs at risk (OARs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for selecting proton beam angles that optimize tumor coverage and OAR sparing in LA-NSCLC.
  • To identify beam angles that minimize sensitivity to respiratory motion and geometric OAR exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of an open-source dataset of 4DCT scans from 11 LA-NSCLC patients.
  • Calculation of water equivalent path length variation (ΔWEPL) and percentage irradiated volume (PIV) for each beam angle.
  • Construction of a unified risk map incorporating patient-specific weighting factors for individualized beam selection.

Main Results:

  • ΔWEPL strongly correlated with target dose variability (median r=0.90 for ΔD95%).
  • PIV correlated with OAR doses (r=0.88-0.98 for heart, lungs, spinal cord).
  • Risk maps identified optimal beam angles, reducing motion sensitivity and OAR exposure, while maintaining tumor coverage.

Conclusions:

  • Patient-specific proton beam angle selection using a unified risk map is a clinically relevant strategy.
  • This approach improves treatment robustness and OAR sparing for LA-NSCLC patients undergoing proton therapy.