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Related Concept Videos

Selected Data About Geographic Locations01:25

Selected Data About Geographic Locations

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) rely on two core types of data: spatial data and attribute data.Spatial DataSpatial data defines the physical location of features within a coordinate system, typically expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. It provides precise positioning for elements like roads, rivers, or buildings.Attribute DataAttribute data complements spatial data by adding descriptive information about these features. For example, a road's spatial data includes its start and...
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Levels of Use of a GIS01:29

Levels of Use of a GIS

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) operate across three levels of application, each representing an increasing degree of complexity: data management, analysis, and prediction. These levels reflect the expanding functionality and versatility of GIS technology in handling spatial data for diverse purposes.Data ManagementAt its foundational level, GIS serves as a tool for data management, enabling the input, storage, retrieval, and organization of spatial data. This level is often employed in...
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Thematic Layering in GIS01:30

Thematic Layering in GIS

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In the past, planning projects such as schools or public facilities required extensive manual effort to gather and compile data. Information such as property boundaries, soil characteristics, road networks, zoning regulations, and flood zones had to be sourced individually from courthouses, utility providers, and registry offices. Assembling these datasets into a coherent format often took several months, delaying project timelines.The introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)...
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Scatter Plot01:15

Scatter Plot

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The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a relationship between the variables. A clear direction happens when there is either:
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Distribution and Dispersion00:54

Distribution and Dispersion

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To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
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Spatial patterns of built structures co-determine nations' level of resource demand.

Juan Antonio Duro1, Alejandro Perez-Laborda1, Markus Löw2

  • 1Economics Department and Eco-SOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.

Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Societies

Keywords:
industrial ecologyinfrastructure patternsmaterial footprintmaterial stocksresource demandsettlement patterns

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Resource management
  • Urban planning

Background:

  • Societal material resource use is a major sustainability challenge.
  • National differences in material use per capita are significant but poorly explained.
  • Existing research often overlooks the impact of spatial patterns on resource consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of built structures and their spatial patterns in determining national material demand.
  • To expand the analysis of material use determinants beyond economic indicators like GDP.
  • To provide data for understanding and mitigating resource throughput.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of national per capita material demand for 123 countries.
  • Inclusion of eight novel indicators for settlements and transport infrastructure patterns.
  • Assessment of both production- and consumption-based material flow indicators.

Main Results:

  • Built structures significantly co-determine national material use, adding explanatory power beyond GDP.
  • The area of built-up land per capita is the strongest predictor of material demand.
  • Spatial patterns of settlements and infrastructure are highly relevant to resource use.

Conclusions:

  • The extent and spatial configuration of built environments are critical factors in resource consumption.
  • Policies aimed at reducing material throughput should consider limiting built-up land and optimizing spatial design.
  • Future sustainability efforts must integrate urban and infrastructure planning with resource management strategies.