Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 21, 2026
Pedicle Screw Placement Using an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in a Porcine Model
Published on: May 24, 2024
Accuracy and effectiveness of thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement with a mixed reality head mounted device: first
Bernardo Reyes Medina1, Fatemeh Khafaji1, Safwan Saffour1
1Klinik für Neurochirugie, Klinikum Bayreuth, Institut für Lehre und Forschung Medizincampus Oberfranken MCO, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 95455 Bayreuth, Deutschland.
Introduction:
Mixed reality (MR) has the potential to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of spine surgery, particularly in the placement of pedicle screws. This technology can lead to improved outcomes, optimized ergonomics, and reduced operative time and costs.
Research Question:
This study evaluates the efficacy and accuracy of MR in thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement using neuronavigation and a head-mounted device.
Material And Methods:
We conducted a prospective review of the initial series of thoracolumbar pedicle screw placements utilizing neuronavigation (Brainlab) and MR with a head-mounted device (MagicLeap2). Data from 22 patients were analyzed, involving a total of 144 pedicle screws placed. The Gertzbein-Robbins classification (GRC) was used to assess screw position: Grade A (screw within the pedicle), Grade B (breach <2 mm), Grade C (breach 2-4 mm), Grade D (breach 4-6 mm), and Grade E (breach >6 mm). Grades A and B were considered accurate placements.
Results:
Out of 144 thoracolumbar pedicle screws, 139 were accurately positioned according to GRC grades A and B, resulting in a clinical accuracy rate of 96.5%. The mean deviation at the bone entry point compared to preoperative plans was 2.35 ± 1.1 mm, with a mean angular deviation of 3.1 ± 1.4°. Surgeons reported no issues with the head-mounted device, including dizziness or headaches, and noted no limitations in visualization of the surgical field.
Discussion And Conclusion:
This study demonstrates the successful application of MR combined with neuronavigation for precise pedicle screw placement, eliminating the need for fluoroscopy and enhancing surgical efficiency.
