A Stable Metal-Polyphenol Network-Functionalized Black Phosphorus Nanoplatform for Multidrug-Loading and Controllable...

The design of universal nanocarriers with broad-spectrum drug compatibility, high loading efficiency, and controlled release remains a significant challenge in drug delivery. Herein, a versatile platform based on black phosphorus nanosheets modified with a metal-polyphenol network (BP@MPN) is presented. The MPN coating significantly enhances the structural stability of BP and introduces a multifunctional interface capable of diverse non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and π interactions, to support the efficient loading of a wide range of therapeutic agents. A multidimensional evaluation demonstrates that BP@MPN exhibits superior loading performance across small molecules, proteins, inorganic nanostructures, and metal ions. Quartz crystal microbalance analysis reveals that strong drug-carrier interactions contribute to the enhanced loading efficiency. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm the excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of BP@MPN. Moreover, in a B16F10 tumor model, DOX-loaded BP@MPN combined with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation achieves potent chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy (TGI = 88.5%) with minimal systemic toxicity. These findings establish BP@MPN as a promising, broadly applicable nanocarrier platform for controlled drug delivery and advanced nanomedicine.