Chip electrophoresis titration biosensors: Recent developments for biomedical targets

Chip Electrophoresis Titration (ET) is an alternative distance-based measurement approach for Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) where the idea of acid-base titration is applied in a microchannel to detect chemical and biological targets through a visual signal analysis. ET principle was initially established utilizing large scale capillary-based Equipment's, where bulky devices were used to access an extensive range of targets analytes, which including disease-related metabolites, metal ions, food contaminants, and proteins. However, regardless of the fast development in miniaturization and the growing analytical significance of chip-based ET systems, no comprehensive review has yet addressed the recent advancements in ET chip biosensors. This review offers an updated and a new version on the transition from traditional capillary procedures to one step ET chip-based formats appropriate for POCT applications. Emphasis is placed on recent progress in colorimetric and Fluorometric mode biosensing techniques, their integration into ET chip systems, and their utility in both clinical diagnostics, chemical and dairy product quality monitoring. This review aims to offer a critical stance on current trends and future directions in the development of ET-enabled POCT technologies.