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Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Meiosis II02:02

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Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay
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Regulation of YAP1 during oocyte maturation.

T Sun1, F J Diaz1

  • 1Center for Reproductive Biology and Health and Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 310 AVBS Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Reproduction, Fertility, and Development
|April 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) plays a key role in oocyte maturation, influencing meiotic spindle shape. YAP1 phosphorylation is linked to cell cycle regulators like CDK1 and PP2A during this process.

Keywords:
YAP1cell cyclehippomaturationmouseoocyteovaryovulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is crucial for cell proliferation and differentiation, regulated by cell cycle proteins and the actin cytoskeleton.
  • YAP1 has been observed on the mitotic spindle, but its function in oocyte maturation remains uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of a YAP1 inhibitor on mouse oocyte maturation.
  • To explore the involvement of cell cycle regulators and actin polymerization modulators in YAP1 localization and phosphorylation during oocyte maturation.

Main Methods:

  • Mouse oocytes were cultured in vitro with inhibitors targeting YAP1, CDK1, PP2A, and actin polymerization.
  • Oocyte maturation, YAP1 localization (immunocytochemistry), and YAP1 phosphorylation (western blot) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Inhibiting YAP1 activity with verteporfin impaired oocyte maturation, causing arrest at metaphase I with abnormal spindle structures.
  • YAP1 localized to the meiotic spindle and became phosphorylated at T119 during metaphase I.
  • YAP1 phosphorylation at T119 was partly regulated by PP2A phosphatase and correlated with CDK1 activity, but not significantly affected by CDK1 inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorylated YAP1 (pYAP1) at T119 is associated with cell cycle regulators CDK1 and PP2A, and the meiotic spindle, independent of actin polymerization changes.
  • This study reveals a novel role for YAP1 in regulating meiotic spindle morphology during oocyte maturation.
  • Targeting YAP1 activity could lead to improved in vitro maturation protocols for oocytes.