Air quality assessment of Haryana state: evidence from 24 cities' data with emphasis on stubble burning period

Haryana state, positioned between Punjab and Delhi, is uniquely exposed to both local agricultural residue burning emissions and transboundary pollution transported by prevailing north-westerly winds during the October-November period. Stubble burning smoke carried by wind only reaches Delhi, if any, after crossing the atmosphere above the central part of Haryana. Most of the past studies discussed the air quality issues of Delhi and correlated it with stubble burning in Punjab, but not for Haryana state in detail. Considering this, using validated/calibrated 24 CAAQMS data, the present study analyzes the air quality status of Haryana state during this post-monsoon season for 3 years (2020-2023). The study considered both particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) and gaseous pollutants (NO₂, SO₂ and CO). The findings reveal high levels of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the whole state, exceeding specified standards during the post-monsoon season. The increment was highest in the Northwest part of Haryana state (area near stubble burnings along Punjab state). The stations aligned with the dominant downwind paths recorded markedly higher PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ levels by 32% and 24%, respectively. The gaseous air pollutants also showed an increment comparatively less. The findings stress the need for region-specific, seasonal policies, including in situ residue management, stricter burning bans, and expanded monitoring. Coordination with Punjab and Delhi NCR under airshed management is crucial. The study offers strong evidence for targeted air quality strategies in Haryana.