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Barriers to Direct Affirmative Sexual Consent: Gender Concerns and Peer and Partner Expectations.
Jessica A Jordan1, Joseph A Vandello2
1Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
Archives of Sexual Behavior
|April 20, 2026
Summary
Young adults hesitate to ask for sexual consent due to concerns about disrupting intimacy and negative peer perceptions. Masculinity norms particularly deter men from seeking consent, despite their actual willingness.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Sociology
- Gender Studies
Background:
- Young adults recognize consent's importance but struggle with explicit requests.
- Hesitation stems from perceived negative social consequences and gender role expectations.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate reasons behind young adults' reluctance to ask for sexual consent.
- Examine the influence of peer reactions, gender roles, and sexual scripts on consent behavior.
Main Methods:
- Two studies surveyed heterosexual and gay young adults (N=337 and N=259).
- Participants responded to reasons for discomfort and assessed peer norms and attitudes toward consent.
Main Results:
- Beliefs that asking for consent disrupts intimacy and violates masculine norms were endorsed.
- Participants misperceived peer norms, believing others were less likely to ask for consent and held more negative attitudes.
Conclusions:
- Gender roles, sexual scripts, and inaccurate perceptions of peer norms significantly deter young adults from seeking sexual consent.
- Concerns about masculinity represent a specific barrier for men regarding sexual consent.
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