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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Development of a Rabbit Chronic-Like Rotator Cuff Injury Model for Study of Fibrosis and Muscular Fatty Degeneration
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Editorial Commentary: Subscapularis Tears With Advanced Fatty Infiltration: When Every Option Is Imperfect.

José F Vega1

  • 1Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.

Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Open antegrade muscle advancement offers a joint-preserving option for severe subscapularis tears. This surgical innovation shows improved patient outcomes despite structural failure risks, highlighting the need for further research in shoulder pain management.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Shoulder Reconstruction
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Full-thickness subscapularis tears with significant fatty infiltration pose complex surgical challenges.
  • Current treatments like reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and tendon transfer have limitations and patient acceptance issues.
  • Nonoperative management often results in persistent symptoms for patients with these tears.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate open antegrade muscle advancement as a joint-preserving surgical alternative for severe subscapularis tears.
  • To assess patient-reported outcomes and physical function following this modified surgical approach.
  • To explore the role of surgical innovation in addressing challenging shoulder pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • A modified open surgical approach involving antegrade muscle advancement was utilized.
  • Patient-reported outcomes and physical function were assessed post-operatively.
  • Structural integrity and clinical results were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The study demonstrated meaningful improvements in patient-reported outcomes and physical function.
  • Despite high rates of structural failure, the procedure yielded positive functional results.
  • The findings underscore the effectiveness of the intervention in improving quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Open antegrade muscle advancement presents a viable, joint-preserving alternative for specific patient groups with severe subscapularis tears.
  • Surgical innovation driven by clinical necessity can lead to improved patient outcomes even with imperfect structural results.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term implications and optimize outcomes for this challenging condition.