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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

891
The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
891
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

21
Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80%...
21
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

18
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
18
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

2.7K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
2.7K
Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

25
The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...
25
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

6.2K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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AEG-AESPANC-OPGE-SIED-SPG Ibero-Latin American Guidelines on Acute Pancreatitis (iLATAM-AP).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro
09:33

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2018

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Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

Daniel de la Iglesia1,2, Miroslav Vujasinovic3,4, J-Matthias Löhr4,5

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.

Eclinicalmedicine
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is a common gastrointestinal condition often missed. Early diagnosis and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy are crucial for managing PEI and preventing complications like malnutrition.

Keywords:
Chronic pancreatitisMalabsorptionPancreasPancreatic cancerPancreatic enzyme replacement therapyPancreatic exocrine insufficiency

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Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro
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Assessing the Secretory Capacity of Pancreatic Acinar Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed condition.
  • Symptoms can be subtle, leading to delayed recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of recognizing PEI.
  • To discuss causes, clinical presentation, and management of PEI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies published between 2000 and 2026.
  • Clinical observation and diagnostic criteria for PEI.

Main Results:

  • Leading causes include chronic pancreatitis, cancer, and surgery, but PEI is also seen in diabetes and aging.
  • Key symptoms include diarrhea, steatorrhea, bloating, weight loss, and abdominal discomfort.
  • Associated malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies can lead to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions:

  • Timely diagnosis of PEI is essential.
  • Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is the primary treatment.
  • Future research should investigate alternative enzyme sources and novel therapies.