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Collaborative Type I and Type III Polyketide Synthases Produce Unique Benzoquinones Affecting the Growth of Rice

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Researchers discovered new fungal benzoquinones, saroetins A and B, using genome mining and biosynthesis. These compounds exhibit redox activity and impact plant growth, expanding knowledge of fungal polyketide synthases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Fungal quinones possess diverse bioactivities and applications.
  • Polyketide synthases (PKSs) are key enzymes in fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
  • Understanding fungal PKSs is crucial for discovering novel bioactive compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel fungal quinones from *Sarocladium oryzae*.
  • To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of these new compounds using collaborative PKSs.
  • To explore the bioactivities and potential applications of the discovered quinones.

Main Methods:

  • Genome mining of *Sarocladium oryzae* to identify PKS gene clusters.
  • In vitro enzymatic reactions with purified recombinant type I and type III PKSs.
  • In vivo total biosynthesis in heterologous hosts (*Aspergillus nidulans*, *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*).

Main Results:

  • Identification and characterization of two new benzoquinones, saroetins A and B.
  • Discovery of a rare *gem*-dimethyl moiety installed by a PKS C-methyltransferase domain.
  • Demonstration of saroetins' redox activity and their ability to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II).
  • Saroetin B exhibited phytotoxicity, inhibiting root growth and altering antioxidant responses in rice seedlings.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals the catalytic versatility of collaborative fungal type I and type III PKSs.
  • Saroetins represent a new class of fungal benzoquinones with significant bioactivity.
  • The findings provide enzymatic tools for expanding the chemical diversity of aromatic polyketides for biotechnological and pharmaceutical use.