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Intuition and deliberation in elite expertise.

Michael A Vidulich1, Pamela S Tsang2

  • 1711th Human Performance Wing, U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 2215 First Street, Building 33, Dayton, OH, 45433-7028, USA. vidmik56@gmail.com.

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Summary

Expert decision-making involves both intuitive and deliberative thinking. Even elite chess players strategically use deliberation, showing it

Keywords:
Chess performanceDecision makingExpertiseTime pressure

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Expert Performance
  • Decision-Making Science

Background:

  • Expert decision-making is understood to involve both rapid, intuitive processes and slower, deliberative ones.
  • A key debate in expertise research concerns the relative roles of these processes, with some theories suggesting expertise replaces deliberation with intuition.
  • If intuition is primary, time pressure should minimally impact expert performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of time pressure on expert decision-making in chess.
  • To test the hypothesis that expertise relies primarily on intuitive processes, unaffected by time constraints.
  • To examine the strategic use of time by elite chess players.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of archival data from high-stakes chess matches involving grandmasters and world chess champions.
  • Within-subject design examining quantifiable performance measures: move time (speed) and blunder propensity (decision quality).
  • Comparison of expert performance under different time controls.

Main Results:

  • Significant adverse effects of time pressure on expert performance were observed, contradicting theories of intuition-based expertise.
  • Experts did not exclusively rely on intuition; deliberation occurred even under low time pressure.
  • Elite chess players strategically adapted their time usage, deliberating when necessary and intuiting when feasible.

Conclusions:

  • Deliberative processes play a crucial role even at the highest levels of expertise.
  • Findings challenge the assertion that intuitive processes are the primary basis of expertise.
  • Overlooking the deliberative component in expert decision-making theories and practices may have significant real-world implications.