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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Bioinspired Soft Robot with Incorporated Microelectrodes
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Simple biological controllers drive the evolution of soft modes.

Christopher Joel Russo1,2, Kabir Husain2,3,4, Rama Ranganathan5,6

  • 1Division of Physical Sciences, Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Biological systems use simple controllers to maintain homeostasis despite environmental fluctuations. Selection for homeostasis drives the emergence of "soft modes" for dimensionality reduction, enabling simple controllers to buffer both environmental and mutational changes.

Keywords:
dimensionality reductionsoft modesstress response

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Area of Science:

  • Systems biology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Control theory

Background:

  • Biological systems are complex and face high-dimensional environmental fluctuations.
  • Homeostasis is often maintained by simple controllers using low-dimensional state representations.
  • The mechanism by which simple controllers function in high-dimensional systems is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a model explaining how low-dimensional controllers maintain homeostasis in high-dimensional biological systems.
  • To investigate the role of emergent properties in enabling simple control mechanisms.
  • To test theoretical predictions using experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an analytically tractable model of integral feedback for complex systems.
  • Analysis of environmental and mutational perturbations.
  • Experimental validation using data from 5,000 yeast knockout strains.

Main Results:

  • Selection for homeostasis leads to the emergence of a "soft mode" that reduces dimensionality.
  • Simple controllers that buffer environmental perturbations also buffer mutational perturbations.
  • Knocking out a simple controller is predicted to decrease the dimensionality of the environmental response.

Conclusions:

  • Soft modes provide a mechanism for dimensionality reduction, enabling simple controllers in complex biological systems.
  • The buffering of environmental and mutational perturbations by simple controllers is an evolutionarily selected trait.
  • Further transcriptomics studies are proposed to validate the predicted decrease in response dimensionality upon controller knockout.