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01:18Reducing Line Loss
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss...
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss...
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01:11IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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01:25Network Function of a Circuit
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Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
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02:12Short-distance Transport of Resources
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01:30Current Growth And Decay In RL Circuits
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01:21Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines
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Consider a single-phase, two-wire, lossless transmission line terminated by an impedance at the receiving end and a source with Thevenin voltage and impedance at the sending end. The line, with length, has a surge impedance and wave velocity determined by the line's inductance and capacitance.
At the receiving end, the boundary condition states that the voltage equals the product of the receiving-end impedance and current. This relationship is expressed as a function of the incident and...
At the receiving end, the boundary condition states that the voltage equals the product of the receiving-end impedance and current. This relationship is expressed as a function of the incident and...
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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EDCC-RPL: A novel energy-efficient and load-balanced objective function for RPL Routing in IoT networks enhancing
Muhammad Asif Habib1, Abdullah M Albarrak1, Mudassar Ahmad2
1College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Plos One
|April 21, 2026
Summary
This study introduces EDCC-RPL, a novel routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. It enhances energy efficiency and network stability in Internet of Things (IoT) deployments.
Area of Science:
- Computer Science
- Network Engineering
- Internet of Things
Background:
- Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) faces challenges in energy efficiency and load balancing.
- These challenges limit the lifetime and reliability of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments.
- Existing single or dual metric schemes (OF0, MRHOF, EA-EPL) do not sufficiently address these issues.
Purpose of the Study:
- Introduce EDCC-RPL, a novel multi-metric objective function for RPL.
- Improve energy efficiency, network stability, and scalability in IoT networks.
- Achieve joint optimization of reliability, delay, and load balancing.
Main Methods:
- Developed EDCC-RPL, an adaptive additive model integrating Expected Transmission Count (ETX), end-to-end delay, and child count.
- Conducted extensive simulations using Contiki Cooja with 20-50 nodes.
- Compared EDCC-RPL against conventional RPL objective functions.
Main Results:
- Achieved up to 32% lower energy consumption.
- Improved Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) by 18%.
- Reduced parent switching (churn) by 50-60% in dense topologies.
Conclusions:
- EDCC-RPL demonstrates significant improvements in energy efficiency, reliability, and stability.
- The proposed EDCC-RPL offers a practical and scalable solution for sustainable IoT networks.
- The algorithm's open-source implementation promotes reproducibility and reuse in smart city and industrial applications.