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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

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Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
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Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
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Rhinitis medicamentosa: Still searching for "new" behavioural addictions?

Vladan Starcevic1,2, Adriano Schimmenti3

  • 11University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rhinitis medicamentosa, persistent nasal congestion from decongestant overuse, is not a behavioral addiction. Ongoing use is driven by fear of nasal congestion upon stopping, not addiction.

Keywords:
behavioural addictioncomponents model of addictionmisuse of nasal decongestantsrebound congestionrhinitis medicamentosa

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Addiction Psychiatry

Background:

  • Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) is characterized by persistent nasal congestion due to prolonged use of nasal decongestants.
  • Current understanding of RM lacks a definitive classification, with some suggesting behavioral addiction parallels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the components model of addiction in relation to Rhinitis Medicamentosa.
  • To determine if RM should be conceptualized as a substance-related behavioral addiction.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis applying the components model of addiction to RM.
  • Literature review on addiction and rhinitis medicamentosa.

Main Results:

  • The components model of addiction does not support classifying RM as a behavioral addiction.
  • Anticipation of severe nasal congestion upon decongestant cessation appears to drive continued use.

Conclusions:

  • Rhinitis medicamentosa is better understood as misuse of nasal decongestants, contrary to medical advice.
  • Reclassifying RM as a behavioral addiction is unnecessary and potentially misleading.