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Multimodal analysis of hemodynamic and electrocortical causal interactions during auditory processing.

John Mclinden1,2, Neela Rahimi3, Kevin M Spencer4

  • 1Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Investigating auditory processing, this study used electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to reveal causal interactions between brain activity and blood flow. Findings show significant directional influence from right auditory cortex fNIRS to EEG signals.

Keywords:
auditory processingelectro-vascular interactionselectroencephalography (EEG)functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)granger causality

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Electrocortical (EEG) and hemodynamic (fNIRS) signals offer complementary insights into neural activity during auditory processing.
  • Causal interactions between EEG and fNIRS signals are underexplored due to confounds like systemic physiological influences in fNIRS.
  • Advanced methods for estimating non-cortical sources in fNIRS enable new investigations into these interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal interactions between vascular-hemodynamic and electrocortical dynamics during auditory processing.
  • To address confounds from systemic physiology in fNIRS signals using advanced preprocessing techniques.
  • To explore directional causality between EEG and fNIRS signals in the context of auditory tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous recording of fNIRS and EEG during auditory processing tasks.
  • Application of multimodal multivariate Granger causal (MVGC) analysis to assess causal interactions.
  • Utilized a temporally-embedded canonical correlation analysis-general linear model (tCCA-GLM) for fNIRS signal correction of systemic confounds.

Main Results:

  • Significantly stronger causal interactions were observed from fNIRS in the right auditory cortex to frontocentral EEG (38-42 Hz) during auditory tasks compared to rest, post-correction.
  • Broad connectivity was detected from fNIRS to EEG across various frequency bands within participants.
  • Results indicate complex relationships between cortical hemodynamics, electrocortical oscillations, and systemic physiology in both task-related and spontaneous neural activity.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the intricate causal interplay between electrical, cerebral hemodynamic, and systemic physiological components.
  • These interactions are fundamental to spontaneous electro-vascular dynamics during auditory processing.
  • Findings underscore the importance of accounting for systemic physiology in multimodal neuroimaging analyses.