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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Impaired Upper-Extremity Performance and Isometric Strength in Swimmers With Shoulder Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Raquel Helene Ramos de Mélo1, Gabriel Alves Dos Santos1,2,3, Andressa Carolina Pereira da Silva1

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|April 21, 2026
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Summary

Swimmers with shoulder pain exhibit reduced physical performance and isometric strength in their upper kinetic chain. These deficits highlight potential contributing factors to swimming-related shoulder injuries.

Keywords:
kinetic chainmusculoskeletal painoverhead athletesrotator cuffsubacromial pain

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Swimmer's shoulder is a prevalent and disabling condition.
  • Repetitive, high-intensity upper limb use in swimming is a primary cause.
  • While shoulder-specific risk factors are known, upper kinetic chain strength and performance differences in swimmers with shoulder pain are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare isometric muscle strength and physical performance of the upper kinetic chain.
  • To identify differences between swimmers with and without shoulder pain.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 34 swimmers (17 with shoulder pain, 17 asymptomatic).
  • Evaluated Modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, Upper Quarter Y Balance Test, Upper Limb Rotation Test.
  • Assessed isometric strength of shoulder, trunk, and lower kinetic chain muscles.

Main Results:

  • Swimmers with shoulder pain showed lower performance in stability and rotation tests.
  • Reduced isometric strength was observed in trunk extensors, quadriceps, and shoulder elevators.
  • No significant differences were found in other tested muscle groups or specific Upper Quarter Y Balance Test scores.

Conclusions:

  • Swimmers experiencing shoulder pain demonstrate deficits in physical performance and isometric muscle strength.
  • These findings suggest that broader kinetic chain weaknesses contribute to shoulder pain in swimmers.