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Spatial impacts on gene flow may hinder linking phylogeographic data to macroevolutionary patterns.

Ethan Fisher Gyllenhaal1,2, Lukas J Musher3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX79409, USA.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spatial influences on gene flow can bias biogeographic inference. Simulations show that non-random gene flow can create misleading patterns of population relatedness, impacting phylogenetic analyses.

Keywords:
coalescent simulationscore-periphery patterngene flowneotropicsphylogeneticsphylogeography

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biogeography
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Biogeography utilizes phylogenetic and gene flow data to test evolutionary hypotheses.
  • Established theories indicate gene flow is geographically structured and can distort phylogenetic inference.
  • The combined effect of these factors on biogeographic inference remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how spatial variation in gene flow impacts metrics used in biogeographic hypothesis testing.
  • To determine if geographic influences on gene flow can lead to biased interpretations of evolutionary history.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated gene flow patterns that vary non-randomly with respect to geographic location.
  • Analyzed the impact of simulated gene flow on phylogenetic metrics such as branch length and monophyly.

Main Results:

  • Simulations demonstrated that even low levels of non-random gene flow can induce monophyly in adjacent populations.
  • Peripheral populations exhibited longer inferred phylogenetic branches compared to core populations, irrespective of true divergence.
  • Geographically structured gene flow can create a distinguishability problem in phylogenetic trees.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial influences on gene flow pose a significant challenge to accurate biogeographic inference.
  • Biogeographic studies in geographically heterogeneous regions must account for potential biases from non-random gene flow.
  • The findings suggest a need for caution when interpreting phylogenetic relationships derived from such environments.