New immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis (MS): A comprehensive review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults, characterized by autoimmune demyelination and neurodegeneration. While high-efficacy therapies have transformed relapsing MS management, disability progression remains an unmet need. Emerging evidence implicates compartmentalized central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, including microglial activation, in disease pathogenesis, necessitating novel immunotherapeutic strategies that target both peripheral and CNS-resident immune cells. This review synthesizes recent preclinical and clinical data on emerging MS immunotherapies offering promise for halting disability progression in MS. Their clinical integration will depend on balancing efficacy with safety, particularly in progressive phenotypes where therapeutic options remain limited.