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Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution,...

Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...

The Electrical Double Layer

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...

Processes at Electrodes

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The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

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Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM

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Published on: February 10, 2021

Repulsive Gas-Electrode van der Waals Forces Enable Charge Transfer Reactions under Chemically Modified Bubbles.

Vijithra Devi Vijayakumar¹, Mattia Belotti¹, Marck Norret²

¹School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|April 21, 2026

Summary

Researchers integrated gas bubbles into electrochemical processes by stabilizing liquid films with van der Waals forces. This innovation transforms bubbles from reaction blockers into facilitators, enhancing electrode reactions and enabling new applications.

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Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

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Published on: July 24, 2021

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Colloid and Surface Science
Materials Science

Background:

Gas bubbles are hydrophobic structures crucial for technologies like mineral processing and chemical analysis.
Bubbles typically hinder electrochemical processes by blocking essential solution-electrode contact and charge transfer.
Existing electrochemical systems are incompatible with bubble integration due to their insulating properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a novel method for integrating gas bubbles into electrochemical reactions.
To overcome the incompatibility of bubbles with electrode processes by stabilizing gas-solution-electrode interfaces.
To leverage bubble properties for enhanced electrochemical performance.

Main Methods:

Utilized micrometer-sized electrodes and surface-active reactants (<60 mN/m) to promote bubble adhesion.
Investigated the formation of nanoscale disjoining liquid films under surface-adherent bubbles.
Exploited repulsive van der Waals (vdW) forces to stabilize gas-solution-electrode junctions.

Main Results:

Achieved 10-fold rate enhancements in electrode reactions.
Demonstrated improved reaction reversibility and ionic conductivity.
Enabled redox cycling of enzymes confined between bubbles and electrodes via vdW-stabilized junctions.

Conclusions:

Gas bubbles can be integrated into electrochemical systems by stabilizing interfaces with vdW forces.
Bubbles can be transformed from detrimental dielectric blocks into facilitators of electrode processes.
This approach opens new avenues for electrochemical technologies utilizing bubble-electrode interactions.