Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Stability of structures01:14

Stability of structures

657
In mechanical engineering, the stability of systems under various forces is critical for designing durable and efficient structures. One fundamental way to explore these concepts is by analyzing systems like two rods connected at a pivot point, O, with a torsional spring of spring constant k at the pivot point. This system is similar in appearance to a scissor jack used to change tires on a car. In this case, the arms of the linkage (equivalent to the rods in this system) are entirely vertical,...
657
Correlations02:20

Correlations

34.7K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
34.7K
Correlation01:09

Correlation

12.1K
In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
12.1K
Correlation and Regression00:53

Correlation and Regression

3.7K
In statistics, correlation describes the degree of association between two variables. In the subfield of linear regression, correlation is mathematically expressed by the correlation coefficient, which describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The coefficient is symbolically represented by 'r' and ranges from -1 to +1. A positive value indicates a positive correlation where the two variables move in the same direction. A negative value suggests a...
3.7K
Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

36.8K
Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
36.8K
Correlation of Experimental Data01:23

Correlation of Experimental Data

562
Dimensional analysis simplifies complex physical problems and guides experimental investigations, but it does not provide complete solutions. It identifies the dimensionless groups that influence a phenomenon, but experimental data is needed to establish the specific relationships and validate theoretical predictions.
For example, a spherical particle moving through a viscous fluid experiences drag. Dimensional analysis shows that the drag force depends on the particle's diameter, velocity,...
562

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Identifying Patients at Elevated Risk of Stroke After Transcarotid Artery Revascularization

Journal of vascular surgery·2026
Same author

Outer membrane vesicles secreted by <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> inhibit CFTR chloride secretion by human colon organoids.

Infection and immunity·2026
Same author

Is Age Just a Number? Outcomes of Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation in Patients ≥60 Years-A Contemporary SRTR Analysis.

Clinical transplantation·2026
Same author

Differences in T-cell Densities and Neighborhood Patterns in Human Colorectal Adenomas and Sessile Serrated Lesions.

Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology·2026
Same author

Instrumental variable estimation of a hazard ratio for treatment with a waiting time without specifying its dependence on unmeasured confounders: application to a procedural registry.

Lifetime data analysis·2026
Same author

Kidney Failure in Persons With Cystic Fibrosis.

Kidney medicine·2026
Same journal

Modeling single nucleus microglia across species identifies immune pathways and therapeutic candidates in Alzheimer's disease.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same journal

Metabolic set theory: a generalized model of microbial interactions.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same journal

Gene prioritization across ancestries uncovers distinct molecular pathophysiology and therapeutic landscape in polycystic ovary syndrome.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same journal

A mathematical model of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism in Down syndrome.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same journal

A minimal mechanically consistent model of smoothly dividing disk-shaped cells.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same journal

Virtual twins and the future of human developmental biology.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Emerging Technologies and Advanced Tools for Decoding Metabolomics Data Analysis
07:11

Author Spotlight: Emerging Technologies and Advanced Tools for Decoding Metabolomics Data Analysis

Published on: November 10, 2023

3.1K

When normalization induces correlation: shared and unstable references can create hidden dependencies.

Kiyoshi F Fukutani1,2, Thomas H Hampton3, Mattheus Luís Alves Santiago4

  • 1Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil. ferreirafk@gmail.com.

NPJ Systems Biology and Applications
|April 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shared-reference transformations in data preprocessing can artificially inflate correlation estimates, even between independent variables. This artifact strengthens with reference variability and sample size, impacting biological relationship inferences.

More Related Videos

Executing Complexity-Increasing Queries in Relational MySQL and NoSQL MongoDB and EXist Size-Growing ISO/EN 13606 Standardized EHR Databases
07:26

Executing Complexity-Increasing Queries in Relational MySQL and NoSQL MongoDB and EXist Size-Growing ISO/EN 13606 Standardized EHR Databases

Published on: March 19, 2018

10.3K
Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Emerging Technologies and Advanced Tools for Decoding Metabolomics Data Analysis
07:11

Author Spotlight: Emerging Technologies and Advanced Tools for Decoding Metabolomics Data Analysis

Published on: November 10, 2023

3.1K
Executing Complexity-Increasing Queries in Relational MySQL and NoSQL MongoDB and EXist Size-Growing ISO/EN 13606 Standardized EHR Databases
07:26

Executing Complexity-Increasing Queries in Relational MySQL and NoSQL MongoDB and EXist Size-Growing ISO/EN 13606 Standardized EHR Databases

Published on: March 19, 2018

10.3K
Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues
07:08

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Published on: July 14, 2015

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Statistics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Correlation analyses are crucial for inferring biological relationships.
  • Data preprocessing steps can inadvertently introduce structural dependencies.
  • Shared-reference transformations are an under-recognized source of artifactual correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how shared-reference transformations affect correlation estimates.
  • To analytically and computationally demonstrate the mechanism of induced dependence.
  • To highlight the practical implications for biological data analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical derivation of covariance induced by shared-reference transformations.
  • Monte Carlo simulations to assess artifact behavior with varying reference variance and sample size.
  • Illustrative simulations using count-based data with sample-level scaling.
  • Real-data analysis across multiple preprocessing pipelines.

Main Results:

  • Subtracting a shared reference induces non-zero covariance, even for independent variables.
  • The induced correlation increases with the variance of the shared reference.
  • Sequential transformations can lead to unstable correlations and heavy-tailed ratio effects.
  • Real-world data analysis confirms inflation of correlation estimates due to these transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Shared-reference transformations are a significant source of artificial dependence in correlation analyses.
  • These artifacts can lead to misinterpretation of biological relationships.
  • Researchers must carefully consider and account for shared-reference preprocessing steps.