Therapeutic potential of garlic-derived exosome like nanovesicles: challenge and opportunity

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have catalyzed interest in exosome-like nanovesicles derived from garlic, exploring their potential therapeutic applications. This review assesses the therapeutic efficacy of garlic-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (GaELNVs), emphasizing their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, alongside their utility in drug delivery systems. Synthesizing diverse studies, this review discusses methodologies for GaELNV isolation, characterization (including high-speed centrifugation, sequential centrifugation, and sucrose gradient purification), and application. GaELNVs exhibit notable therapeutic potential, evidenced by their capacity to mitigate brain inflammation, enhance cognitive function, improve glucose metabolism, and show minimal immunogenicity. These effects are attributed to their modulation of inflammatory cytokines and other molecular pathways. Moreover, GaELNVs demonstrate robust biocompatibility, stability in acidic environments, and efficient targeting capabilities. In conclusion, this review underscores the promising therapeutic applications of GaELNVs, particularly as a pioneering drug delivery system. However, further investigations are imperative to optimize clinical deployment and comprehensively elucidate their mechanisms of action.