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Living Microbial Drugs.

Cemile Elif Özçelik1, Nazlıcan Tunç2, Senem Şen2,3

  • 1Synbiotik Biotechnology Biomedical Technologies, Ankara, Turkey.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineered living microbial therapeutics represent a new class of medicines. These advanced therapies use engineered microbes for targeted, self-regulating treatments across various diseases.

Keywords:
cell engineeringliving microbial therapeuticsprobiotic engineeringsynthetic biologysynthetic circuit design

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Living microbial therapeutics offer a novel approach beyond traditional drugs.
  • Engineered microorganisms can detect disease signals and deliver therapies in situ.
  • These agents interact dynamically with the host and microbiota for context-specific treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution from probiotics to advanced designed living therapeutics.
  • To examine microbiological platforms (bacteria, yeasts, phages, archaea) for therapeutic use.
  • To discuss design principles and applications of engineered microbial therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on living microbial therapeutics.
  • Analysis of microbiological platforms and their advantages/disadvantages.
  • Discussion of synthetic biology tools (genetic circuits, quorum sensing) for microbial engineering.

Main Results:

  • Engineered microbes show promise in infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, inflammatory conditions, and cancer immunotherapy.
  • Preclinical data and early clinical trials demonstrate significant effectiveness.
  • Key design principles enable context-dependent, self-adjusting therapeutic capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered living microbial therapeutics are a rapidly advancing field with transformative potential.
  • Challenges include biosafety, biocontainment, regulatory hurdles, and patient acceptance.
  • These intelligent, flexible, and sustainable therapies are poised to reshape human health paradigms.