Fully Thermally Evaporated Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices

Perovskite with extremely high photoelectric conversion capabilities enables a large range of optoelectronic applications including perovskite solar cells (PSCs), perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), perovskite photodetectors, et al. So far, the state-of-the-art perovskite optoelectronic devices have been primarily led by spin-coating techniques. The well-established thermal-evaporation technique with advantages of precise process-control, high reproducibility, large-area uniformity, elimination of solvent, and ease of integration, should accelerate the commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices. Herein, we highlight the recent progress in perovskite optoelectronic devices (especially PSCs and PeLEDs) fabricated using industry-compatible fully thermally evaporation (FTE) technique, including both the perovskite layer, charge transport layer and metal electrode, which may enable their transition from lab to market. We systematically review the fundamentals of thermal evaporation and major progress of optoelectronic devices, with special attention paid to the crystallization process control of perovskite and the ammonium salt evaporation. Finally, outlook of the challenges and the possible approaches are presented.