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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

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Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

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Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
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Updated: Apr 23, 2026

High Frequency Ultrasound for the Analysis of Fetal and Placental Development In Vivo
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Diabetes in Pregnancy: Can Ultrasound Help?

Jacques Abramowicz1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States.

American Journal of Perinatology
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Maternal diabetes in pregnancy can cause fetal complications. Prenatal ultrasound effectively diagnoses anomalies, macrosomia, and growth restriction, aiding management of diabetic pregnancies.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Millions of fetuses are exposed to maternal diabetes in utero annually.
  • Maternal diabetes is linked to significant fetal and neonatal complications, including congenital anomalies, macrosomia, growth restriction, shoulder dystocia, and stillbirth.
  • Early prenatal diagnosis of these complications is crucial for improved management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and effectiveness of prenatal ultrasound in diagnosing complications associated with maternal diabetes.
  • To assess the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound for specific diabetic pregnancy complications.

Main Methods:

  • A review of recently published literature was conducted.
  • The study focused on the contribution of prenatal ultrasound to diagnosing fetal complications in diabetic pregnancies.

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  • This was not a meta-analysis or systematic review.

    • Main Results:

    • Prenatal ultrasound is a key imaging technology for managing diabetic pregnancies.
    • Ultrasound demonstrates significant utility in diagnosing fetal anomalies, macrosomia, and growth restriction.
    • Predicting shoulder dystocia using ultrasound remains a considerable challenge.

    Conclusions:

    • Prenatal ultrasound is the optimal imaging modality for diagnosing fetal anomalies, macrosomia, and growth restriction in diabetic pregnancies.
    • Its effectiveness is less pronounced for diagnosing shoulder dystocia and stillbirth.
    • Continued use of prenatal ultrasound is recommended for monitoring diabetic pregnancies.