Nanoporous Materials in Biomedical Research: Progress and Potential

Nanoporous materials have been the focus of considerable attention due to their unique structural and physicochemical properties and a diverse range of applications, such as drug delivery, biosensing and tissue engineering in biomedical fields. Distinct from existing reviews that primarily focus on material synthesis or single application scenarios, this review provides an integrated and mechanism-oriented overview of nanoporous nanomaterials for biomedical use. This review focuses on the biomedical applications of nanoporous nanomaterials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid nanoporous materials. Initially, the definition and classification of nanoporous materials are introduced, followed by an overview of their significance in biomedical fields. Importantly, this review systematically summarizes the interactions between nanoporous materials and biological systems at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, highlighting the role of nanoporosity in governing biological responses. Further, the biomedical application of nanoporous materials in smart drug and gene delivery, tissue repair and regeneration, immunomodulation, cancer therapy and theranostics are summarized. Finally, key challenges related to biosafety, long-term stability, biodegradation, immune interactions, and clinical translation are critically analyzed, together with emerging trends and future research directions. This review provides an entry-level reference specifically for young researchers working in an exciting interdisciplinary area of nanoporous materials and medicine.