Engineering ovarian tissue via biofabrication and 3D bioprinting: Challenges and emerging perspectives

The development of bioprosthetic ovaries using advanced biofabrication and 3D bioprinting technologies has achieved significant attention in recent years. This work begins with an analysis of ovarian anatomy and physiology, emphasizing the critical structural and functional components that must be replicated for an effective engineered in vitro model. It further outlines the principles and capabilities of 3D bioprinting, with a focus on the customization of printing modalities and bioinks to closely mimic native ovarian tissue. Given the ovary's dual functions in gametogenesis and endocrine signaling, attention is given to how engineered constructs can be designed to restore hormonal homeostasis through the precise spatial arrangement and biological activity of embedded cells. Finally, the technical challenges and ethical considerations associated with translating bioprinted ovarian tissues into clinical applications are discussed.