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Related Concept Videos

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Light Acquisition

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
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Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material
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Color and Near-Infrared Reflectance Covary in Distinct Ways Across Taxa.

Jonathan Goldenberg1,2, Jessica L Dobson1, Gerben Debruyn1

  • 1Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group Ghent University Ghent Belgium.

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Animal coloration across ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectrums is linked. While UV and visible light reflectance correlate, near-infrared varies, impacting camouflage and signaling evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • * Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
  • * Animal Coloration and Physiology

Background:

  • * Solar radiation reflectance (300-2500 nm) is vital for animal functions like signaling, camouflage, and thermoregulation.
  • * Understanding spectral correlations (UV, Visible, Near-Infrared) across taxa is limited, hindering knowledge of evolutionary trade-offs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate correlations between ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance in animal integuments and eggs.
  • * To analyze correlation strength, slope, and intercept to understand consistency, magnitude of change, and baseline differences.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of reflectance data from 322 endotherm and ectotherm species' integuments and eggs.
  • * Statistical examination of correlation strength, slope, and intercept across UV, Vis, and NIR spectral regions.

Main Results:

  • * UV and Vis reflectance show significant positive correlation across all taxa studied.
  • * Vis-NIR reflectance correlations are variable; integument slopes correlate positively, but intercepts differ, indicating compositional influences.
  • * Eggshell UV-Vis and Vis-NIR slopes correlate positively, with an exception in birds lacking significant Vis-NIR correlation.

Conclusions:

  • * Reflectance across different wavelengths can be decoupled, influencing evolutionary pressures.
  • * Findings provide a basis for understanding the evolution of reflectance traits under physiological and ecological constraints.