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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Patterns of mitochondrial ATP predict tissue folding.

Bezia Lemma1, Megan Rothstein2, Pengfei Zhang1,3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

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|April 22, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic tissue folding relies on patterned chemical energy. Mitochondria concentrate apically, boosting ATP before cell contraction, driving tissue shape changes during development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Cell biology
  • Bioenergetics

Background:

  • Embryonic development shapes tissues through gene expression and mechanical forces.
  • Apical constriction is a fundamental process for epithelial tissue folding across animals.
  • Chemical energy, primarily from ATP hydrolysis, powers these developmental events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial patterns of chemical energy during apical constriction.
  • To understand the role of mitochondria in providing energy for tissue folding.
  • To explore the conservation and predictive power of these energy patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Time-lapse imaging of tissue dynamics.
  • Spatial transcriptomics to map gene expression and cellular states.
  • Oxygen consumption rate measurements to assess metabolic activity.
  • Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation to test energy dependence.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial density, potential, and ATP levels increase apically before actomyosin contraction.
  • Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation prevents apical constriction and tissue folding.
  • Apical mitochondrial enrichment is conserved in flies, chicks, and mice.
  • Observed energy patterns can computationally predict tissue folding.

Conclusions:

  • Bioenergetics exhibits a spatial dimension critical for embryonic development.
  • Mitochondrial activity is spatially regulated to fuel apical constriction.
  • Energy patterning is a conserved mechanism underlying tissue morphogenesis.