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    Propeller-based force feedback devices like CrazyJoystick significantly improve navigation efficiency and reduce workload in real-world and virtual reality settings, outperforming traditional vibrotactile cues.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Robotics
    • Navigation Systems

    Background:

    • Propeller-based handheld force-feedback devices offer novel directional cueing methods.
    • Previous research validated the device's aerial deployment and cue discriminability.
    • The potential for kinesthetic torque cues in continuous locomotion wayfinding remained unexplored.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate CrazyJoystick's effectiveness for spatial navigation in real-world and virtual reality.
    • To investigate if propeller-based kinesthetic torque cues enhance wayfinding during locomotion.
    • To compare propeller-based cues against vibrotactile baselines.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed navigation algorithms for egocentric directional cues with hierarchical decision logic.
    • Conducted two user studies (N=12) comparing CrazyJoystick with vibrotactile feedback.
    • Study 1: Real-world multi-waypoint navigation with visual occlusion. Study 2: VR target localization in low-light conditions.

    Main Results:

    • CrazyJoystick reduced real-world navigation completion time by 54.6% and path deviation by 25.8%.
    • In VR, CrazyJoystick achieved 43.2% faster completion and 79% higher walking speeds.
    • Both studies showed consistent reductions in user workload.

    Conclusions:

    • Propeller-based kinesthetic feedback effectively supports efficient navigation during sustained locomotion.
    • Propeller-based torque directional cues are a viable alternative to vibrotactile encoding for dynamic wayfinding.
    • CrazyJoystick demonstrates potential for enhancing spatial navigation tasks in diverse environments.