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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

8
Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

179
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
179
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

8
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

76
Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Global bacterial meningitis guidelines: from policy to action.

Luisa F Alviz1, Rodrigo Hasbun2, Kiran T Thakur1

  • 1Program in Neuroinfectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The World Health Organization (WHO) released global guidelines to standardize bacterial meningitis diagnosis, treatment, and care. Implementation is key to reducing global mortality and disability, especially in resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
WHObacterial meningitisglobal guidelineshealth systemsimplementation

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Bacterial meningitis is a major cause of preventable death and neurological disability globally.
  • Current management strategies are often fragmented and lack global adaptability.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced new global guidelines to harmonize meningitis care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the 2025 WHO Global Guidelines on Meningitis Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care.
  • To synthesize how these guidelines can be translated into clinical and public health actions.
  • To focus on implementation in resource-limited and outbreak-prone settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis
  • Policy review
  • Analysis of implementation challenges

Main Results:

  • Standardized management algorithms are needed, extending beyond acute care to include long-term follow-up.
  • Implementation barriers include limited diagnostics, inconsistent antimicrobial access, workforce shortages, and systemic inequities.
  • Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected by these challenges.

Conclusions:

  • The WHO guidelines offer a unified framework for meningitis prevention, acute management, and long-term care.
  • Successful impact hinges on effective implementation and health system strengthening.
  • Further research is needed to support context-adapted strategies for reducing global meningitis burden.