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Related Concept Videos

Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

37.2K
In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Epistasis Analysis01:09

Epistasis Analysis

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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

In Utero Electroporation of Multiaddressable Genome-Integrating Color MAGIC Markers to Individualize Cortical Mouse Astrocytes
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Printable meta-assemblies enable synergetic colouration.

Kaixuan Li1,2, Jianfeng Chen2, Huizeng Li3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Green Printing, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Nature
|April 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a printable meta-assembly strategy for creating large-scale, tunable optical metamaterials. This biologically inspired approach enables eco-friendly coloration and advanced display technologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Biological systems utilize multiscale structures for multifunctionality.
  • Artificial optical systems face challenges in scalability, tunability, and functionality due to single-scale fabrication.
  • Metamaterials offer potential for advanced optical properties but are limited by current manufacturing techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a printable meta-assembly strategy for fabricating multiscale hierarchical optical architectures.
  • To overcome the scalability and tunability limitations of current artificial optical systems.
  • To explore synergetic coloration with high designability and tunability using a novel manufacturing approach.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing process for meta-assembly.
  • Embedded polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to create a nanolattice-based microconcave optical interface.
  • Utilized optical coupling to achieve distinct synergetic coloration.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated metre-scale meta-assembly prints with single-pixel customization, spanning seven orders of magnitude in length.
  • Demonstrated precise integration of guided-wave and reflected-wave dispersion and interference.
  • Achieved vibrant prints with controlled colour separation, integration, and environmental stability.

Conclusions:

  • The printable meta-assembly strategy enables scalable and tunable fabrication of multiscale hierarchical optical architectures.
  • This biologically inspired approach offers potential for eco-friendly coloration, intelligent displays, and information security.
  • The methodology provides a versatile platform for metamaterial construction in multiscale photonics research.