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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

Preoxygenation Techniques for Tracheal Intubation in Critically Ill Adults Utilizing Oxygen Mask and Noninvasive Ventilation
Published on: December 5, 2025
Identifying predictors of tracheostomy or death in preterm infants with grade 3 BPD
William Scott1, Kathryn Berlin1, Joanne Lagatta1
1Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Milwaukee, USA.
Objective:
To identify novel risk factors associated with tracheostomy in preterm infants with Grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Study Design:
Single-center retrospective cohort of infants with Grade 3 BPD (mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) from 2019 to 2025. Data included extubation attempts, corticosteroid and neuromuscular blockade use, mean airway pressure (MAP) and respiratory severity scores (RSS) at 36 and 40 weeks. Infants who received tracheostomy or died were compared to those successfully extubated.
Results:
Of 60 infants, 37% underwent tracheostomy. Patients requiring tracheostomy had higher MAP (17 vs. 12 cm H₂O) and RSS (6 vs. 4) at 40 weeks, with no difference at 36 weeks. Patients requiring tracheostomy experienced more steroid courses, need for neuromuscular blockade, and failed extubations.
Conclusions:
Number of steroid courses, neuromuscular blockade, and ventilator settings at 40 weeks were associated with tracheostomy placement. These variables could inform future data collection strategies for infants with severe BPD.
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