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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Feasibility of a Center of Mass Based Fuzzy-Logic Phase Detection Algorithm for Post-Spinal Cord Injury Gait.

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Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation
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Exploring the Integration of Immersive Virtual Reality With Adapted Neuromuscular Stimulation Rowing for Individuals

C Eric Heidorn1, Kevin M Foglyano1, Ronald J Triolo1,2

  • 1Advanced Platform Technology Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio.

American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Virtual reality (VR) games may enhance exercise for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). VR combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) rowing showed a tendency for increased cardiovascular response and perceived effort in SCI.

Keywords:
Adapted ExerciseElectrical StimulationSpinal Cord InjuryVirtual Reality

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to sedentary lifestyles, increasing risks for cardiovascular disease.
  • Limited exercise options for individuals with SCI, particularly for engaging paralyzed muscles.
  • Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) aids exercise in SCI but can be disengaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of immersive virtual reality (VR) on exercise response in individuals with SCI.
  • To compare cardiovascular measurements, rowing metrics, and engagement during NMES hybrid rowing with and without VR.

Main Methods:

  • Two individuals with complete paraplegia participated in NMES hybrid rowing exercise.
  • Exercise was performed under two conditions: without VR and with an immersive VR task-oriented game.
  • Cardiovascular measurements, rowing metrics, engagement, and perceived effort were collected.

Main Results:

  • A tendency for higher exercising heart rate was observed during the VR condition.
  • The VR condition also showed a higher perception of exercise effort.
  • Pilot data suggest a potential for increased cardiovascular response with VR exercise.

Conclusions:

  • Immersive VR may enhance cardiovascular responses during NMES exercise for individuals with SCI.
  • Further research in larger trials is warranted to confirm these findings and explore long-term impacts.
  • VR shows promise for improving exercise engagement and physiological outcomes in SCI rehabilitation.