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Periodontal Disease in Smokers
Shaili Pradhan1, Anugya Karanjit1, Krishna Prasad Lamichhane1
1National Academy of Medical Sciences, Mahabauddha, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Journal of Nepal Health Research Council
|April 23, 2026
Summary
Smoking significantly increases the risk of periodontal disease, with nearly all smokers experiencing gingival bleeding and over 85% showing signs of severe gum disease. Smoking cessation programs are crucial for improving periodontal health.
Area of Science:
- Dental Science
- Public Health
Background:
- Smoking is a well-established risk factor for periodontal disease, negatively impacting oral microbiota, immune responses, and periodontal healing.
- Previous research indicates a strong correlation between smoking habits and the prevalence and severity of periodontal conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the prevalence and status of periodontal disease among a smoker population.
- To evaluate the necessity of smoking cessation and awareness initiatives for enhancing periodontal health outcomes.
Main Methods:
- A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 231 smokers at Bir Hospital's dental outpatient department.
- The Community Periodontal Index (CPI) modified index was utilized to assess periodontal status.
- Data were analyzed to compare the impact of smoking on periodontitis across different smoking statuses.
Main Results:
- Gingival bleeding was observed in 99.13% (229/231) of smokers.
- Periodontal pockets exceeding 3mm were present in 90.47% (209/231) of participants.
- Loss of attachment greater than 3mm was recorded in 85.71% (198/231) of the study group.
Conclusions:
- Smokers exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of gingival bleeding, periodontal pockets, and loss of attachment.
- These findings underscore the critical importance of implementing smoking cessation and awareness programs to mitigate periodontal disease progression.
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