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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

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SARS-CoV-2 pseudoparticles preferentially infect ectoderm in human embryonic tissues.

Ann Song1,2, Prue Talbot2

  • 1Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early human embryo cells, particularly ectoderm, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This finding raises concerns about potential teratogenic effects on the developing nervous system.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2disease-in-a-dishectodermembryonic stem cellsteratogenstropism

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Virology
  • Stem cell research

Background:

  • Studying early human embryonic development in pregnant women is difficult.
  • Understanding viral infections during early development is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the susceptibility of human embryonic stem cells and germ layers to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To identify factors contributing to differential infection rates in embryonic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a "disease-in-a-dish" model.
  • Infected human embryonic stem cells and differentiated ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm cells with SARS-CoV-2.

Main Results:

  • Ectodermal cells exhibited significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 infection rates than endoderm and mesoderm.
  • Ectodermal susceptibility is linked to dual viral entry pathways, elevated TMPRSS2 activity, and a reduced glycocalyx.

Conclusions:

  • Early post-implantation human embryonic cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
  • High ectodermal infection rates suggest potential teratogenic risks, especially for the nervous system.
  • Further clinical research is needed on neurological outcomes in infants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in utero.